Gastric Xanthomas and Fundic Gland Polyps as Endoscopic Risk Indicators of Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fundic gland polyps (FGPs), hyperplastic polyps (HPs), and xanthomas (XTs) are common benign gastric lesions that can be diagnosed by endoscopic appearance alone in most cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between gastric cancer and these benign lesions. METHODS: Two expert endoscopists reviewed a series of gastroscopy images. FGPs, HPs, and XTs were diagnosed by endoscopic appearance, whereas all gastric cancers were confirmed pathologically. RESULTS: Of the 1,227 patients reviewed, 114 (9.3%) had a concurrent or past history of gastric cancer. The overall prevalences of FGPs, HPs and XTs were 9.4%, 6.3% and 14.2%, respectively. HPs and XTs coexisted in 1.6% of patients, whereas other combinations were rarer. XTs were observed in 39.3% and 11.5% of patients with and without gastric cancer, respectively (p<0.001). In contrast, no gastric cancer patients had FGPs, whereas 10.4% of patients without cancer had FGPs (p<0.001). The prevalence of HPs was similar between the two groups (8.8% and 6.0% of patients with and without cancer, respectively, p=0.29). Multivariate and Mantel-Haenszel analyses demonstrated that XTs were positively associated and FGPs were negatively associated with gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: XTs and FGPs might be useful as endoscopic risk indicators for monitoring gastric cancer.

Relationship between colorectal polyps and Helicobacter pylori typing and serum gastrin 17 / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and serum gastrin 17 levels and colorectal polyps. Methods The clinical data of 214 patients with colorectal polyps who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from June 2017 to April 2019 were collected. The specimens were divided into two groups after pathological diagnosis. The group included 126 cases with adenomatous polyps (adenomatous polyps group) and 88 cases with hyperplastic polyps( hyperplastic polyps group) . Another 89 patients without obvious abnormality were selected as the control group. Serum Hp antibody was detected by western blot,and serum gastrin 17 levels were quantitatively detected by ELISA. Hp infection rate and serum gastrin 17 levels were compared between the groups. Results The infection rate of 74. 2%( 66 ／ 89) type I HP in adenomatous polyp group was significantly higher than that of 55. 6%( 30 ／ 54) in proliferative polyp group and 48. 7%( 19 ／ 39) in control group,the difference was statistically significant( χ2＝5. 271,P＝0. 022; χ2＝7. 867,P＝0. 005). The infection rate of type I HP in proliferative polyp group was not statistically significant ( P＞0. 05) . The HP infection rate in colorectal polyp group was 66. 8%(143 ／ 214) and 67. 1%(96 ／ 143) respectively,which was significantly higher than that in control group (43. 8%(39 ／ 89) and 48. 7%(19 ／ 39),the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 ＝ 13. 87, 4. 467, all P＜0. 05 ) . The infection rate of Hp in colorectal proliferative polyp group was 61. 4%(54／88) and adenomatous polyp group was 70. 6%(89／126) higher than that in control group (43. 8%(39／89),the difference was statistically significant( χ2＝5. 46,15. 57,all P＜0. 05) . The serum gastrin 17 level in adenomatous polyp group (11. 35 ( 6. 67,20. 87) pmol／L) was significantly higher than that in proliferative polyp group (7. 88(3. 11,13. 07) pmol／L) and control group (5. 69 (2. 94,11. 37) pmol／L), the difference was statistically significant ( Z＝4. 91, all P＜0. 05) . The serum gastrin 17 level in adenomatous polyps group with type I Hp infection (14. 35 (8. 12,23. 68) pmol／L) was significantly higher than that of Hp-negative patients ( 8. 42 ( 2. 42, 20. 84) pmol／L), and the difference was statistically significant (Z＝2. 87,P＜0. 05). Conclusion HP infection is closely related to colorectal polyps,especially adenomatous polyps. The increased level of serum gastrin 17 is a risk factor for colorectal adenomatous polyps. Type I HP infection can increase the level of serum gastrin 17,and it is more closely related to adenomatous polyps.

Expression and Significance of Foxa2 in Colorectal Polyps and Colorectal Cancer / 胃肠病学

Background: Forkhead box A2 (Foxa2) plays an important role in the proliferation and distant metastasis of colorectal cancer, but the expression of Foxa2 in colorectal polyps has not been reported yet. Aims: To investigate the expression and significance of Foxa2 in colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer. Methods: A total of 45 patients with hyperplastic polyps, 135 patients with adenomatous polyps and 45 patients with colorectal cancer and corresponding adjacent tissue from January 2018 to May 2019 at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were collected. Immunohistochemical SP staining was used to detect the expression of Foxa2. Expressions of Foxa2 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The relationships between the expression of Foxa2 and colorectal polyps, colorectal cancer were analyzed. Results: The positive expression rate of Foxa2 in normal colorectal mucosal tissue, hyperplastic polyps, adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer was gradually increased (13.3%, 31.1%, 62.2%, 86.7%, respectively), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expressions of Foxa2 mRNA and protein were also increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression of Foxa2 in adenomatous polyps was related to size of polyps and presence of pedicle (P<0.05); the expression of Foxa2 in colorectal cancer was related to differentiation, lymph node metastasis and TNM staging (P<0.05). Conclusions: The expression of Foxa2 is high in adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer, and increases with the increase of risk of canceration. Therefore, detecting the expression of Foxa2 in colorectal polyps is helpful for the early detection of colorectal cancer.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the regression of gastric polyps in National Cancer Screening Program

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Western guidelines recommend Helicobacter pylori eradication in H. pylori-associated gastric polyps; however, there is no standard guideline in Korea. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of H. pylori eradication on the regression of gastric hyperplastic polyps in National Cancer Screening Cohort, representative of general population. METHODS: Among participants in National Cancer Screening Program, subjects who had H. pylori positive gastric hyperplastic polyps less than 10 mm and underwent follow-up endoscopy and H. pylori testing were enrolled. The effect of H. pylori eradication on hyperplastic gastric polyps was estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 183 H. pylori infected subjects with hyperplastic polyp at baseline underwent follow-up endoscopy and H. pylori test after mean of 2.2 years. Successful H. pylori eradication markedly induced the disappearance of hyperplastic polyps comparing to non-eradication group (83.7% vs. 34.1%, p = 0.001). Successful eradication increased the possibility of disappearance of hyperplastic polyps (adjusted OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 2.63 to 11.11). Polyp size was inversely related with the disappearance of hyperplastic polyps (adjusted OR, 59; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of H. pylori infection may induce disappearance of gastric hyperplastic polyps in National Cancer Screening Cohort.

Association of gastric hyperplastic polyps with synchronous colorectal neoplasia / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective To evaluate the association of gastric hyperplastic polyps with colorectal neo-plasia.Methods Data of consecutive patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)and colonoscopy between January 2011 and December 2013 were reviewed retrospectively.They were compared with patients without gastric polyps who also underwent EGD in the same period.The relationship between gastric polyps and colorectal neoplasia was analyzed.Results The incidence of colorectal neoplasia in gas-tric hyperplastic polyps group was higher than that of the control group [24.0% (46 /192)VS 10.4%(40 /384),P =0.000].An increased incidence of colorectal adenomas in gastric hyperplastic polyps group was found,but there was no difference in the incidence of colorectal cancer in gastric hyperplastic polyps group and control group[2.1%(4 /192)VS 2.3%(9 /384),P =1.000].Stratification analysis suggested that the incidence of colorectal neoplasia in gastric hyperplastic polyps group who aged over 50 was signifi-cantly higher than that in the control group[28.5%(43 /151)VS 10.6%(29 /274),P =0.017],regard-less of different genders and the number of gastric hyperplastic polyps.Conclusion The incidence of color-ectal neoplasia in gastric hyperplastic polyps has significantly increased,especially in those aged over 50 years,regardless of different genders and the number of gastric hyperplastic polyps.Such patients should undergo colonoscopy to detect colorectal neoplasia.

Thymosin ß4 expression in colorectal polyps and adenomas

OBJECTIVE: Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous peptide that plays pivotal roles in the cytoskeletal system and in cell differentiation. Recently, a role for Tβ4 has been proposed in experimental and human carcinogenesis, including gastrointestinal cancer. This study was aimed at evaluating the relationship between Tβ4 immunoreactivity and the initial steps of carcinogenesis. METHODS: In total, 60 intestinal biopsies, including 10 hyperplastic polyps, 10 sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, 15 colorectal adenomas with low-grade dysplasia, 15 adenomas with high-grade dysplasia, 15 adenocarcinomas and 10 samples of normal colon mucosa, were analyzed for Tβ4 expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Weak cytoplasmic reactivity for Tβ4 was detected in the normal colon mucosa. No reactivity for Tβ4 was found in hyperplastic and sessile serrated polyps/adenomas. Tβ4 expression was observed in 10/15 colorectal adenocarcinomas. In adenomas with low-grade dysplasia, Tβ4 immunoreactivity was mainly detected in dysplastic glands but was absent in hyperplastic glands. Tβ4 immunoreactivity was characterized by spot-like perinuclear staining. In high-grade dysplastic polyps, immunostaining for Tβ4 appeared diffuse throughout the entire cytoplasm of dysplastic cells. Spot-like perinuclear reactivity was detected in adenocarcinoma tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows for the first time that Tβ4 is expressed during different steps of colon carcinogenesis. The shift of Tβ4 immunolocalization from low-grade to high-grade dysplastic glands suggests a role for Tβ4 in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, the real meaning of Tβ4 reactivity in dysplastic intestinal epithelium remains unknown. .

Manejo de pólipos gástricos / Management of gastric polyps

Most of gastric polyps are benign and do not need specific treatment. However, some types have significant malignant potential that can lead to gastric cancer if they are not managed appropriately. The malignant potential depends on the histological type of the polyp, therefore it is important to sample and make biopsies.

La mayoría de los pólipos gástricos son benignos y no requieren tratamiento específico; no obstante, algunos de ellos pueden malignizarse. Si estos pólipos no son tratados pueden ser causa de cáncer gástrico. El potencial maligno depende del tipo histológico del pólipo, por lo que estas lesiones debieran ser siempre biopsiadas.

Iniciación en imágenes de banda estrecha: diferencias entre polipos hiperplásicos y adenomas: ¿20 minutos son suficientes? / Starting in narrow-band imaging: differences between hyperplastic polyps and adenomas: 20 minutes are enough?

Los dos principales tipos de pólipos en el colon son los adenomas y los pólipos hiperplásicos. La imagen de banda estrecha (NBI) es una tecnología que mejora la visualización de los patrones vasculares en la superficie del pólipo pudiendo ayudar a diferenciar entre adenomas y los pólipos hiperplásicos con un alto grado de precisión. Este estudio pretende evaluar la diferencia y variabilidad inter e intraobservador, antes y después de una clase didáctica de puntos claves sobre las imágenes de banda estrecha para su entendimiento, diferenciación y reconocimiento. 14 gastroenterólogos y se seleccionaron 50 imágenes de pólipos hiperplasicos y adenomas verificados por estudio histológico. El puntaje de incremento en la adecuada identificación de las lesiones varió entre 37,86% a 78,57%. En esta evaluación inicial se mostró que los hallazgos dados con el uso de NBI son reproducibles, fáciles de aprender, bastante exactos, y tienen un alto potencial para su uso en la práctica clínica diaria permitiendo la caracterización en tiempo real de los pólipos en colon

The 2 main types of colon polyps are adenomas and hyperplastic. Narrow band imaging (NBI) is a novel technology that enhances the visualization of surface mucosal and vascular patterns on the polyp surface. The patterns seen on the polyp surface with NBI that can help differentiate between adenomas and hyperplastic polyps with a high degree of accuracy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver agreement (among endoscopists). 14 gastroenterologists and 50 images were selected hyperplastic polyps and adenomas verified by histology. The score of increase in the effective identification of lesions ranged from 37.86% to 78.57%. This initial evaluation showed that the NBI polyp patterns described in our pilot study are reproducible, easy to learn, reasonably accurate, and have the potential for use in daily clinical practice for the realtime differentiation of colon polyps

Estudo comparativo entre pólipos hiperplásicos e adenomas colorretais em pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia / A comparative study between hyperplastic polyps and colorectal adenomasin patients who underwent colonoscopy

Introdução: O câncer colorretal é o terceiro tumor maligno mais incidente no mundo e o quarto no Brasil, sendo que nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, é a terceira causa de morte em ambos os sexos. Os pólipos adenomatosos colorretais têm probabilidade de evoluírem para carcinomas, enquanto pólipos hiperplásicos são classificados como benignos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os pólipos adenomatosos e hiperplásicos, analisando diferentes variáveis. Métodos: Avaliamos questionários e exames histológicos de pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia, realizadas pelo Serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital Universitário da Ulbra, em Canoas, RS. Analisamos a relação entre os tipos histológicos de pólipos e número de pólipos por paciente, idade e sexo dos pacientes, dimensão, localização, presença de tumor associado aos pólipos e grau de displasia de cada pólipo. Resultados: Foram analisados 492 questionários. A idade dos pacientes submetidos ao exame variou de 11 a 91 anos, sendo a média de 56,8 ± 13,47 anos. Dentre os pacientes estudados, 48% tinham adenomas, 37% possuíam pólipos hiperplásicos e 15% apresentavam simultaneamente adenomas e pólipos hiperplásicos. Entre os pólipos maiores de 1 centímetro, encontramos 60% de adenomas. Nos cólons, 51,6% dos pólipos eram adenomas enquanto 74% dos pólipos hiperplásicos se apresentaram no reto e sigmoide. Conclusão: Os pólipos hiperplásicos ocorreram mais frequentemente no reto e sigmoide, enquanto os adenomas encontram-se nos cólons. Não foi encontrada associação entre o tipo histológico de pólipo e seu tamanho. Não encontramos associação entre o tipo histológico dos pólipos e presença concomitante de tumor.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the third most frequent malignant tumor in the world and the fourth in Brazil, and in the south and southeast of Brazil it is the third leading cause of death in both sexes. The colorectal adenomatous polyps are likely to develop into carcinomas, whereas hyperplastic polyps are classified as benign. The objective of this study was to compare the hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps by analyzing different variables. Methods: We evaluated the questionnaires and histological studies of patients undergoing colonoscopy in the Unit of Coloproctology of the University Hospital of Ulbra in Canoas, RS. We analyzed the relationship between histologic types of polyps and number of polyps per patient, age and sex, size, location, presence of tumors associated with the polyps, and degree of dysplasia of each polyp. Results: 492 questionnaires were analyzed. The age of patients undergoing the survey ranged from 11 to 91 years, with a mean of 56.8 ± 13.47 years. Among the patients studied 48% had adenomas, 37% had hyperplastic polyps and 15% had both adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. Among the polyps larger than 1 cm, we found 60% of adenomas. In the colons, 51.6% of the polyps were adenomas and 74% of the hyperplastic polyps occurred in the rectum and sigmoid. Conclusion: Hyperplastic polyps were more frequent in the rectum and sigmoid, while the tumors are found in the colon. No association was found between histological type of polyp and its size. We found no association between histological type of polyps and concomitant tumor.

Polipectomía y manejo endoscópico de lesión gigante gástrica / Polypectomy and endoscopic management of a giant gastric polyp

Los pólipos gástricos suelen ser hiperplásicos y benignos en su gran mayoría. Se asocian entre otras a factores idiosincráticos, genéticos o al uso prolongado de bloqueadores de bomba. Si bien su grado de malignización es bajo se recomienda su remoción. La mayoría se encuentran incidentalmente en procedimientos de rutina. Cuando superan los 10 mm (pueden incluso llegan a medir varios centímetros) suelen causas dispepsia, pueden sangrar u obstruir el píloro si son ubicados en antro. Reportamos la remoción de un pólipo gástrico gigante con método combinado de inyección, elevación, uso de asa desprendible o endoloop, complementado con aplicación de argón plasma (APC).

Gastric polyps are mainly hyperplastic and benign. They are associated with idiosinchratic factors, genetic or associated to chronic use of pump inhibitors. Endoscopic resection is recommended eventhough the rate of malignant transformation is very low. The vast majority are encountered as incidental findings in routine endoscopy. When they grow beyond 10mm (they may reach several centimetres in diamater) gastric polyps are a cause of dyspepsia, bleeding or gastric outlet obstruction, if located in the antrum. We report a safe endoscopic resection of a giant gastric polyp combining injection, elevation, endoloop and argon plasma coagulation (APC).

Clinical Features of Colorectal Serrated Adenomas

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer is believed to progress through an adenoma-carcinoma sequence. However, recent evidence increasingly supports the existence of an alternative route for colorectal carcinogenesis through a serrated adenoma, which combines the architectural features of hyperplastic polyps with the cytological features of traditional adenomas. We assessed the characteristics and the endoscopic features of serrated adenomas and compared them with those of hyperplastic polyps and traditional adenomas in Korea. METHODS: The medical records of 344 consecutive patients who underwent a colonoscopic biopsy or polypectomy from January 2003 through August 2004 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Serrated adenomas were seen in 12 cases (3.4%), and the most common site was the rectum (50%). Endoscopically in most cases, the serrated adenomas had small diameters (< or = 0.5 cm) and were single polyps. Morphologically, the serrated adenomas were flat and non-pedunculated. The coincidental rate of the carcinomas was 8.3%. CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, serrated adenomas are generally single, sessile adenomas with diameters less than 5 mm, and they are commonly observed in the left colon, especially in the rectum.